Author Topic: xwm kab  (Read 2339 times)

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Offline hmongperson

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Re: xwm kab
« Reply #30 on: October 18, 2011, 12:18:18 PM »
When I did my research in college, it was with encyclopedias and reference books.  I tried a quick online search, but there's not much info out there.  I recall from my research that altars to the jade emperor faces the door way and that it is to bring wealth to the family.  If you have access to a college library, you can certain go and do a research on Hmong history and religion.  Here is what I found on another forum that is similar to what I read in college. 

http://s15.zetaboards.com/ZhangGongFaZhuGong/topic/478725/1/

Introduction of Tian Gong Zuo aka Tian Gong Deng

Tian Gong Zuo (天公座) or Tian Gong Deng (天公燈), a type of paper offering specially made dedicating to Jade Emperor of Heaven (玉皇大天尊) during Rituals/Ceremonies.

This is a type of typical & traditional Hokkien Clan's paper offering (閩南傳統祭祀紙料). In the past, only on certain occasions, then such Tian Gong Zuo or Tian Gong Deng can be seen placing on the Jade Emperor of Heaven's Altar (天公台).

So what are the Special Occasions that needed such paper offering?

On the following occasions:

1 – Birthday Anniversary of Jade Emperor of Heaven (玉皇萬壽誕辰)
2 – Wedding (華人傳統婚禮)
3 – Grand Birthday Celebration for Elders (大壽)
4 – Giving birth to a son (after a long period of no-pregnancy 祈求子嗣)
5 – Deities Birthday Celebrations (神誕慶典)

Why such paper offering is being given the name of Tian Gong Zuo or Tian Gong Deng?

To be more accurate, Tian Gong Zuo & Tian Gong Deng are 2 different type of paper offerings, but due to the mis-interpretation along the years, these 2 paper offerings merge into one form, which is what we normally see now in the market.

In the past, during Birthday Anniversary of Jade Emperor of Heaven, Wedding, Birthday Celebrations for Deities or Mortals, Tian Gong Zuo will be used.

Why Tian Gong Zuo is being used?

Cos Tian Gong Zuo is used to represent the Seat for Jade Emperor of Heaven to sit while the Mortals make invitation for him to come (Zuo, meaning Seat in Chinese).

So in the past, Tian Gong Zuo is made into a Chair-form, with steps of stairs in front of the Seat and at the side, special railings or decoration such as dragons and phoenixes will be placed.

Some of Tian Gong Zuo will also be made into like small Hut with a roof and pillars, this is why a lot of folks tend to mistaken it as Tian Gong Cuo (天公厝) – meaning the house of Jade Emperor of Heaven.

So how about Tian Gong Deng?

This is a more special one.

For Tian Gong Deng, this will only be used when a couple married for many years and no sign of pregnancy, the parent of the Bridegroom will engaged Spiritual Master to hold a Ceremony to pay respect to Jade Emperor of Heaven, in order to request for a Son (not daughter).

After requesting, if the young couple got a Son in the following year, the parent of the Bridegroom will engaged the Spiritual Master again to perform a Thanksgiving Ceremony to the Jade Emperor of Heaven.

And this time round, Tian Gong Deng will be made dedicating to Jade Emperor of Heaven. This is to show the gratitude of the family to the Heaven and also, to inform the relatives and friends that the couple got a Son (Deng aka Lamp, in Chinese Custom represent Descendants or the Family-line).

So, what is the outlook of Tian Gong Deng?

The actual outlook of the Tian Gong Deng is quite similar to Tian Gong Zuo, but without the stairs, roof, pillars, etc. Just a long rectangular paper block with a triangular top, muc look like a Rocket-form.

So, if the following years, the family got more Grandsons, the family will then placed 3 Tian Gong Deng to show the gratitude of the family towards the Heaven (3 are maximum).

So during the Ritual/Ceremony, when must such offerings be placed on the Altar?

Usually such offerings must be placed on the Altar before any lighting of Incenses, paying respect to Heaven or Invitation of Jade Emperor of Heaven.

The longest period for such offerings to be placed on the Altar usually cannot last for more than 12 hours (placed onto the Altar before 11.00Am and must send-off in the Afternoon of before 5.00Pm).

Anything to go along with the Tian Gong Zuo?

Usually besides the Tian Gong Zuo or Tian Gong Deng, 2 un-chopped Bamboos (帶頭連根甘蔗兩棵) will be needed (this is going according to Ancient Hokkien Tradition, cos in the past, Hokkien were being rescued by Jade Emperor using Bamboos) and 1 Pair of Huang Gao Qian aka Royal Longevity & Prosperity Coins (黃高錢一對 in long rectangular shape and yellow color with red-printing of coins).

So who can prepare that?

For Birthday Anniversary of Jade Emperor of Heaven/Deities Birthday, the owner of the Temple or the Bread-winner of the family will place the paper offering onto the Altar.

For Wedding, the father of the Bridegroom & Bride will place the paper offering onto the Altar.

For Elders' Birthday Celebration, the Eldest Son will place the paper offering onto the Altar.

For Requesting of Son, the Bridegroom will place the paper offering onto the Altar.

Since the culture of using such Paper Offering has been mixed-up, so nowadays, what the folks address this paper offering?

Yup, due to the mix-and-match culture now, the folks given this paper offering a new name, called Tian Gong Deng Zuo (天公燈座), meaning putting the lamp on the seat of Jade Emperor of Heaven, and so, when Jade Emperor of Heaven arrived, he can only stand aside till the lamp is being removed.

A very informative read, but like I've said before, it does not point to the fact that the "xwm kab" is of Chinese origin. It might of been Chinese influenced because we have been living there for so long. And, Hmongs are also really good at taking what works from other cultures and religion and incorporating with their own. Thus, it is of Hmong origin, with Chinese influence.



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Offline LadyLionness

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Re: xwm kab
« Reply #31 on: October 18, 2011, 12:36:01 PM »
Why would Hmong go and worship the Jade Emperor?

If I recall from my research, the one thing that was truly Hmong origin is the calling of the spirits... hu plig.  Everything else was borrowed. 

You could say that ancestral worship is influenced by the taoism, but you cannot say the same about the xwm kab.



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Offline hmongperson

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Re: xwm kab
« Reply #32 on: October 18, 2011, 07:15:08 PM »
Why would Hmong go and worship the Jade Emperor?

If I recall from my research, the one thing that was truly Hmong origin is the calling of the spirits... hu plig.  Everything else was borrowed. 

You could say that ancestral worship is influenced by the taoism, but you cannot say the same about the xwm kab.
My point exactly, why would we worship an Emperor that is not ours.

Our cultural practices has drawn from a lot of other religions, it is unique unto itself.



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Offline LadyLionness

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Re: xwm kab
« Reply #33 on: October 18, 2011, 07:58:10 PM »
My point exactly, why would we worship an Emperor that is not ours.

Our cultural practices has drawn from a lot of other religions, it is unique unto itself.

Try as you may, but xwb kab is not Hmong origin... said that you don't even know your own religion...



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Offline hmongperson

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Re: xwm kab
« Reply #34 on: October 18, 2011, 08:46:15 PM »
Try as you may, but xwb kab is not Hmong origin... said that you don't even know your own religion...
It might not be, but either is it Chinese in origin. The problem with our history is that nobody knows for sure what it really is. As you had pointed out, you had to look at Chinese customs to connect the dots. That is how "experts" today come up with our history, by connecting the dots. Does it mean it is true, or false. Not necessarily, but it does not tell the whole story.

To make things simple, lets stick with what we do know, and that is that the "xwm kab" is practiced by us. Would knowing where it came from make a difference?


« Last Edit: October 18, 2011, 08:48:48 PM by hmongperson »

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Offline hmongperson

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Re: xwm kab
« Reply #35 on: October 18, 2011, 10:04:39 PM »
Please cite your sources, until you can prove what you say to be true, don't speak as if it were true.

Radical Christians, don't you zealots have better things to do?
Brutal, but true.



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Offline 8v10un30sun

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Re: xwm kab
« Reply #36 on: October 18, 2011, 11:50:02 PM »
oh yo!  Why don't you do some googling before you go nutso...there are so much parallelism between Hmong belief and tha Tao belief.  I find it funny that you accept Shamanisn/Animism, which is something some ignorant white man called Hmong belief system because we weren't consider civilized.  The current leading research from China clearly indicates that the Hmong belief system is a branch of Tao.  Hate it or not, it's true.  If you only google you will find the answer.  So chillax.  So if LL takes the time to shove up your candy ass with direct quotes from subject matter expert then what?

EDIT:  Current leading research indicate that Hmong are ORIGINALS of SW China as we have always thought.  Did you know that in each war, roughly 70% of the Miao population (Hmong) died?  So whenever we lost a war 7 out of 10 died.  3 of 10 ran off or became Hans.  I read the research from China because it's good to know we have our brothers and sisters in China who are cross referencing and translating ancient text to teach us.

Is it hard to imagine that we once practice Taoism?  If you disagree, then it is equally hard to believe that we once had a Kingdom as well.  All these have been confirmed.  In Hmong folklore, we speak of the terrible emperor who made Hmong his slaves...Hence, you have Hmong Yang and Hmong Vang as dominant.  If you read about the Last Yang emperor, there was also Empress Wang that followed...So guess what?  There goes the Yang and Vang (Wang in Chinese) thing.

Please cite your sources, until you can prove what you say to be true, don't speak as if it were true.

Radical Christians, don't you zealots have better things to do?


« Last Edit: October 19, 2011, 12:03:12 AM by 8v10un30sun »

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Offline hmongperson

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Re: xwm kab
« Reply #37 on: October 19, 2011, 02:44:51 PM »
Tell me then, where in Taoism does it mention Ntuj Ceeb Tsheej, Yaj Ceeb, and Yeeb Ceeb? Sure they have the Yin and Yang, but their definition of it is slightly different. In Hmoob, Yeeb = Spiritual realm, Yaj = Physical. Either Yeeb or Yaj can be good or evil, each spirit and person has a choice in choosing their path. Their choices directly impact their life and what becomes of it. I may believe that we Hmoob once had a kingdom, but I also believe that our belief structure goes far beyond Taoism and that it is more likely they borrowed some of their ideas from us.

In Hmoob Antiquity stories, stars give birth to the planets, just the way our Sun gave birth to our earth. How in the world would any ancient people know of this by observing the stars without telescopes? They didn't observe, our Antiquity stories say "those from above" taught us. Does Taoism mention this? No.

Our brothers in China may be cross referencing Chinese text with our stories but keep in mind, they were the ones who surrendered. We never gave up.
That is the truth. The fact of the matter is nobody really knows what really went on so long ago. Especially since we are not doing the research, but relying on the Chinese for this "texts." It could be as you say that Taoism branched of from our system of belief. Who knows though, it is what it is today.

Like I've mentioned before, what we have now is unique to us. It does not matter where it came from, what matters is that we still use it, and it still is working for us. Why are we so worried about the past when we aren't even certain if we'll have a future?



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Offline 8v10un30sun

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Re: xwm kab
« Reply #38 on: October 22, 2011, 07:53:30 PM »
You summarized Taoism way of living as yin and yang.  LMAO!  one and zero?  :2funny: :2funny: :2funny: :2funny:

You talk about Hmong creation and there are SO MANY.  My grandfather use to tell me these things ALL the time.  He gave me a few scenarios.  The reality of Hmong is that every time we moved we adopted the SUPER CULTURE.  Like how your kids are going to drop most of the Hmong traditions and do Mekas.  Like how our great grandfather adopted some of buddhism.  Certainly, Hmong doesn't not have this unique...our belief system is inspired by so many other belief system so that's why you have such inconsistency.

To your point about Hmong-China...They practice what is the closest to what our ancestors pracitced thousands of years ago...NOT US.  Our practices have been muted...furthe rmore, without any writing major inconsistencie s again...yet, the brothers in China who stayed behind were able to play stupid and record much of our knowledge.  To disregard the our ancestors work would be shameful...som e stayed to record...some stayed to fight another day...Today and tomorrow we shall integrate the knowledge once more and wait for another day to fight.

So instead of cracking a whip at me and others for their research...go out and read it for yourself.  Hmong-Laos is TINY compared to Hmong-China...7million of us are in China.  maybe 1 million in laos and 300k in the US.  Tell me who you think has the most collective knowledge?

Tell me then, where in Taoism does it mention Ntuj Ceeb Tsheej, Yaj Ceeb, and Yeeb Ceeb? Sure they have the Yin and Yang, but their definition of it is slightly different. In Hmoob, Yeeb = Spiritual realm, Yaj = Physical. Either Yeeb or Yaj can be good or evil, each spirit and person has a choice in choosing their path. Their choices directly impact their life and what becomes of it. I may believe that we Hmoob once had a kingdom, but I also believe that our belief structure goes far beyond Taoism and that it is more likely they borrowed some of their ideas from us.

In Hmoob Antiquity stories, stars give birth to the planets, just the way our Sun gave birth to our earth. How in the world would any ancient people know of this by observing the stars without telescopes? They didn't observe, our Antiquity stories say "those from above" taught us. Does Taoism mention this? No.

Our brothers in China may be cross referencing Chinese text with our stories but keep in mind, they were the ones who surrendered. We never gave up.


« Last Edit: October 22, 2011, 07:55:27 PM by 8v10un30sun »

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Offline fishin715

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Re: xwm kab
« Reply #39 on: May 18, 2012, 04:50:43 PM »
from what i know is that my elder cousins said their grandpa's have always never practiced this xwm kab.  they said that it is chinese origin and hmong people just started picking up this tradition.  in our xiong clan line we don't put up xwm kab at all.  i see a lot of people do have it though.  i don't think we need facts to see that it maybe chinese origin.  i think if my great great grandpa's and so on said that it did, i'm sure it has some validity that xwm kab is from chinese origin.



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Offline chidorix0x

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Re: xwm kab
« Reply #40 on: May 20, 2012, 06:51:06 PM »
 ;D  ...   :2funny:  ...   :idiot2:  ...   ::)

Foremost, some of you folks claim to have done research, cited resources, and even claim to have first/secondhand knowledge yet most if not all have come across as being your typical  :D "menyuam Hmoob/Moob Mes/mis-kas" he said, she said, it said generalist.  More so, the thread shoot off in a tangent.

After reading everyone's comment, here are my inputs - what I do know from personal research, daily traditional practices, and what I have learned (heard) from the Hmong community at large.

Hmong worldwide population:  (I do not recall the exact Census Record date, but most are from around year 2000)
SE Asia from census records (around 2000) - 750,000 in Laos, 100-200,000 in Thailand, I forgot Vietnam's count, maybe 85-100,000.  About 20-25,000 in Burma. Zero in Cambodia as far as records show and since the dawn of time.  (Some ignorant, supposedly educated Hmong intellects, spoke in public that Hmong lived/lives in Cambodia -  :idiot2: .)

China from 2000 census records - what would be considered Hmong or our distant relatives only totals 4.2-4.5 million total, not 7 million.  It is even argued, rightfully in some cases, that among this 4 million, some are not even Hmong.  The biggest argument is that though ALL minorities in China are labeled "Miao", also referring to Hmong - each ethnic group do not share the same language, religion, customs etc.  In fact, J. Lamonde argued that the total Hmong/Miao population in China is only roughly about 1.3-1.5 million or so from a 2006/7 conference I attended.  (I personally believe the 4+million is probably more accurate despite the "Miao" argument.)

USA from the 2010 census puts Hmong at 250,000+ though some Hmong believe it may be closer to 300,000 due to non-filers, but 250,000 is most likely.

As for the "kav xwm", I personally did mine two years ago.  Though true that 1) two/three+ "kav xwm" cannot exist in the same house, 2) one cannot use another clan's practice/setup, and that it helps to protect the family plus bring about prosperity, just about everything else that most of you have said is completely inaccurate - most likely hearsay or just your opinion and/due lack of cultural knowledge.

It is also true that you cannot inadvertently burn it at will, though I have not witnessed any dire repercussions if done, simply because anyone who has a "kav xwm" and practices Hmong culture knows better not to do such a foolish thing.  And yes, the "kav xwm" is tolerant of other religions even complete strangers living under its roof.  Never heard nor seen otherwise.  What I do hear is non-traditionalist Hmong bashing the "kav xwm" they sometimes live under - like a supposedly Christian daughter-in-law or son-in-law.

Lastly, there is only Hmong folklore about the "kav xwm".  I have yet to hear any creditable one regarding its origin.  And if you know anything about Hmong folklore, it will vary with each teller etc.  Also, the "kav xwm" is only done once a year at the time of the New Year celebration, "tau noj Pebcaug", whether putting a first time one up or replacing an existing one.  I suppose I could elaborate on this but why don't you people get your "facts straight" versus "tall tales".

As for all the anomalies most of you claim to have encountered, a few I suppose can be attributed to the "kav xwm" but I can assure if any, they are more POSITIVE than the "negatives" you profess.  If negatives then as most of you have correctly identified, consult a shaman.

As for the "txhiaj meej" or whatever else you want to call it, go get your "facts straight" versus "tall tales" or hearsay.  Depending on who you ask, one will say it is one and the same as the "kav xwm" while another will claim they are separate.  All I know is that one can say, "tus txhiaj meej", or "tus kav xwm", or better yet "tus txhiaj meej xwm kav laud yej".  And even better yet, "tus txhiaj meej xwm kav laud yej ncej dab ncej qhua", so go figure?  Does this mean there are 4 if not 5 such things?  Whatever!


« Last Edit: May 20, 2012, 07:26:51 PM by chidorix0x »

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Offline Moospej

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Re: xwm kab
« Reply #41 on: May 21, 2012, 10:29:19 AM »
Xwm Xab - Yog teev los pov hwm yus tsev neeg xwb li pojniam tub se, qoob loog thiab nyiaj txiag.
Txhiaj Meej - Yog tsa los nres yus lub khaub khuas thiab tiv thaib txhua yam xyob txhiaj.
Cej dab Cej qhua - Yog yus cov dab vaj dab tsev xwb.

Yog leej twg txheev zaj xwb xab hu txog "txiaj meej xwb kab laud yej cej dab ncej qhua" ces nws siv lov roog rau nws cuab kwvtib xwb. Zaj no, tus thawj sim xwb ces yeej kav tab nro ib cuag kwvtij ntawd lawm.

Xwb Xab tsuas muaj 4 zaj xwb li qhov kuv tau mus tshawb fawb txog:

Zaj 1. yog thaum yus rais tsev mus nyob yus nrog rau yus pojniam nyuam qhuav yuav tshiab tshiab thiab tsis tau muaj menyuam.
Zaj 2. Yog thaum yus twb muaj tub ki khiav kev lam lawm.
Zaj 3. Yog thaum yus muaj tub muaj nyab tag es yus twb dhau los ua ib tug laus neeg lawm.
Zaj 4. Yog zaj siv ua pub dawb rau leej twg los tau.



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Offline chidorix0x

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Re: xwm kab
« Reply #42 on: May 21, 2012, 12:26:21 PM »
Xwm Xab - Yog teev los pov hwm yus tsev neeg xwb li pojniam tub se, qoob loog thiab nyiaj txiag.
Txhiaj Meej - Yog tsa los nres yus lub khaub khuas thiab tiv thaib txhua yam xyob txhiaj.
Cej dab Cej qhua - Yog yus cov dab vaj dab tsev xwb.

Yog leej twg txheev zaj xwb xab hu txog "txiaj meej xwb kab laud yej cej dab ncej qhua" ces nws siv lov roog rau nws cuab kwvtib xwb. Zaj no, tus thawj sim xwb ces yeej kav tab nro ib cuag kwvtij ntawd lawm.

Xwb Xab tsuas muaj 4 zaj xwb li qhov kuv tau mus tshawb fawb txog:

Zaj 1. yog thaum yus rais tsev mus nyob yus nrog rau yus pojniam nyuam qhuav yuav tshiab tshiab thiab tsis tau muaj menyuam.
Zaj 2. Yog thaum yus twb muaj tub ki khiav kev lam lawm.
Zaj 3. Yog thaum yus muaj tub muaj nyab tag es yus twb dhau los ua ib tug laus neeg lawm.
Zaj 4. Yog zaj siv ua pub dawb rau leej twg los tau.

Moospej,

I'm guessing you are "Moob Leeg" due to how you write your "Ntawv Hmoob/Moob" - some words are "Moob Leeg" words.  Your definition of the "xwm xab", "txhiaj meej", and "cej dab cej qhua" is consistent with Hmong culture.

Your other two input though possibly not entirely wrong, I have not heard of, practiced, or know to pertain/exist in my clan - our family culture, its "kevcai dabqhua".  It may be "Moob Leeg" exclusive as Hmoob Dawb and Moob Leeg do have unique variances when it comes to some Hmong cultural practices.  For example, Hmoob Dawb has 2 mejkoob whereas Moob Leeg only has 1 during a wedding ceremony - "thaum ua tshoob kos".  Not to mention how the wedding umbrella is place within the bride's house, hehehe.

As for "cov zaj xwb xab", now that I have never heard of.  Again, I am pretty sure it is Moob Leeg exclusive simply because as far as I know there is no such thing in our clan.  (I'll double check with our Cultural Clan Leader - "tus Thawj Coj Dabqhua", but I am pretty sure it does not exist or apply to Hmoob Dawb.  If it did, I know I would have known or heard of it by now being a Hmong Traditionalist my entire life.)  One "zaj" I know with some certainty is "Zaj Txhim Xwm Kab" which I sang when I put up my "xwm kab".  It is done once a year during the New Year and that's it.



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Offline Moospej

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Re: xwm kab
« Reply #43 on: May 21, 2012, 01:16:26 PM »
Moospej,

I'm guessing you are "Moob Leeg" due to how you write your "Ntawv Hmoob/Moob" - some words are "Moob Leeg" words.  Your definition of the "xwm xab", "txhiaj meej", and "cej dab cej qhua" is consistent with Hmong culture.

Your other two input though possibly not entirely wrong, I have not heard of, practiced, or know to pertain/exist in my clan - our family culture, its "kevcai dabqhua".  It may be "Moob Leeg" exclusive as Hmoob Dawb and Moob Leeg do have unique variances when it comes to some Hmong cultural practices.  For example, Hmoob Dawb has 2 mejkoob whereas Moob Leeg only has 1 during a wedding ceremony - "thaum ua tshoob kos".  Not to mention how the wedding umbrella is place within the bride's house, hehehe.

As for "cov zaj xwb xab", now that I have never heard of.  Again, I am pretty sure it is Moob Leeg exclusive simply because as far as I know there is no such thing in our clan.  (I'll double check with our Cultural Clan Leader - "tus Thawj Coj Dabqhua", but I am pretty sure it does not exist or apply to Hmoob Dawb.  If it did, I know I would have known or heard of it by now being a Hmong Traditionalist my entire life.)  One "zaj" I know with some certainty is "Zaj Txhim Xwm Kab" which I sang when I put up my "xwm kab".  It is done once a year during the New Year and that's it.

Chidorixox,

Koj tseem tshuav coj Thawj Coj Dabqhua uas ceev tau cov keeb kwm thiab los?. Kuv twg plam cov laus neeg zoo li ntawd tag lawm. You're right about cov "Zaj". Lub npe yeej hu ua "Zaj Txhi Xwm Xab". If you can, I would like you to find out about zaj dab neeg keeb kwm txog ntawm tus Txhaij Txheej Xwm Kab from your elder.



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Offline chidorix0x

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Re: xwm kab
« Reply #44 on: May 21, 2012, 03:34:24 PM »
Chidorixox,

Koj tseem tshuav coj Thawj Coj Dabqhua uas ceev tau cov keeb kwm thiab los?. Kuv twg plam cov laus neeg zoo li ntawd tag lawm. You're right about cov "Zaj". Lub npe yeej hu ua "Zaj Txhi Xwm Xab". If you can, I would like you to find out about zaj dab neeg keeb kwm txog ntawm tus Txhaij Txheej Xwm Kab from your elder.

Hais txog cov neeg laus paub tab ntawd peb tsev neeg nod ces kuj tsis tshuav kiag lid lawm lod kuj yog.  Ntawm keeb kwm ces nyob ntawm tus neeg twg nyiam nrog cov laus tham xwb.  Hos yog zaj dab neeg ntawm tus Txhaij Txheej Xwm Kab nod ces tsis muaj qhov twg tsheeb rawslid kuv totaud vim kuv tsis tau hnov dua zaj dab neeg ntawd lossis paub tias muaj "such a folklore/tale".  I overheard one of my uncles telling a like folklore/tale to some adolescents but the more I think about it and the more I have learned about "tus xwm kab", I am not convinced it is an applicable folklore/tale.  Feem coob, Hmoob cov dabneeg kuj tsis meej pem vim cov laus paub paub dabneeg tau ncam ntiaj teb tseg tas lawm los yog.  Cov niaj hnub no ces qhia tom ntej tom qab lawm xwb, tsis meej pem luaj twg lawm rawslid kuv xav.  The one thing I am more interested in nowadays are - cov "dabneeg txog Hmoob lub neej, cov keeb kwm tawg tebchaws Los Tsuas" vim cov nod, cov laus tau nrog pom dai siab rau - "witnessed and lived through".



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Obsessive Regurgitation w/o Substantial Facts - scholarly or otherwise.

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Chi.,. I . super immature . <- Avow
[quote author=8v10un30sun link=topic=9